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In addition, many vaccine critics do not reject immunization outright but instead emphasize issues of safety and efficacy or are opposed to specific, but not necessarily all, vaccines. The passage of the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA), spearheaded by parents troubled by a putative link between vaccination and neurological problems, illustrates that legislators and scientists alike continue to be exceedingly concerned with the issue of vaccine safety. 39 In the past decade in particular, parents and their watchdog groups have raised important questions about the purported link between a noticeable rise in autism and the preservative thimerosal (previously used in diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemo-philus influenzae type b, or Hib, and hepatitis B vaccines). Even though a series of scientific studies have demonstrated that there is no causal connection between thimerosal and autism, in 1999 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in conjunction with the U.S. Public Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics, ceased to license thimerosal-containing vaccines. Similar claims about a causal link between MMR and autism have also been alleged and sometimes sensationalized by the media. Not surprisingly, the suggestion that vaccinating one’s child might lead to developmental disorders has fostered unease among many parents. Clearly, American parents need better access to and clearer explanations of the recent findings published in medical journals that confirm the lack of a link between thimerosal or MMR and autism or other neurological conditions. 40 However, as indicated by recent political and medical debates about the need for Americans, especially first responders, to be vaccinated against smallpox in case of a bioterrorism attack, and the hundreds of Gulf War soldiers who have rejected anthrax vaccinations, antivaccinationism will not fade away any time soon.

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Malaria.One of the most frustrating quests has been for a malaria vaccine. The most common parasites responsible for malaria (plasmodia) have demonstrated an impressive ability to circumvent eradication efforts by becoming drug-resistant. The fact that the WHO recently announced that it was exceedingly pleased with a new vaccine that protects just 30 percent of those immunized indicates the immense difficulty of producing a malaria vaccine. Although this percentage is very low compared with other vaccines, given the severity of malaria worldwide and the fact that it kills more than one million and infects more than 300 million children a year, even such limited coverage could save thousands if not millions of lives in the hardest-hit areas of the globe.