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Just before the start of the 20th century, Colt, followed by Smith and Wesson, would develop revolver cylinders that would swing out to the side for unloading and reloading bullets. The so-called “double action” design would dominate revolver models throughout the 20th century.Rifles and muskets also went through rapid improvements up to and through the Civil War, aided in part by the Industrial Revolution. A major flaw of the flintlock design was that wet weather could foil a gunner’s chance to fire his weapon.To avoid this problem, gunsmiths developed new types of ignition systems that protected gun powder from the elements. The percussion system, developed in 1807, used a small copper cap filled with charge. The cap was inserted into a “nipple” at the rear of the gun barrel and, when the trigger was pulled, a hammer struck the cap, igniting a spark in the cap and then the gun powder.Double-Barrel ShotgunsOther improvements included breechloading systems that allowed the gunner to load the weapon from the rear, rather than having to tamp it down from the gun’s muzzle end. Rear-loading or breechloading systems developed by gun manufacturers, including Sharps, Maynard and Burnside, packed the projectile and powder together in a single, combustible cartridge. The system not only saved time, it also avoided exposing gun powder to wet conditionsNext, gun manufacturers set their focus on speeding up the time required to reload a weapon. Colt’s revolver system offered one method for rapid reloading, but by the mid 19th century, it wasn’t the only game in town.

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Another concept mounted multiple barrels onto a single stock to gain more bang for every trigger pull. Double-barrel shotguns are still produced today.Spencer Gun
The Spencer Repeating Rifle Company patented a design at the start of the Civil War that was capable of repeated firing following a single ammunition load. The Spencer gun (a favorite of President Abraham Lincoln) loaded multiple cartridges at once by storing them in a magazine at the rear of the gun. Each shot was then fed into the chamber through a manual mechanism.Benjamin Henry developed a similar model, in the Henry, and patented the design in 1860. During the Civil War, the Henry was called “the rifle you could load on Sunday and shoot all week long.” Perhaps more importantly, the Henry became the inspiration for the classic Winchester rifle.John Moses BrowningOne of the most acclaimed firearms designer in history, John Moses Browning of Ogden, Utah, began designing for the New Haven-based Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1883 and created a version of the rifle that incorporated a pump action.Pump, or slide-action guns feature a mechanism where the shooter pulls back a grip on the gun’s forearm and then pushes it forward to eject the empty shell and reload the gun with a new shell. Browning, however, would become best known for his contributions to automatic loading firearms.In automatic weapons, power generated by the firing of the weapon is used to eject empty cartridges and reload. Among Browning’s 128 gun patents, some of his best-known weapons include the M1911 pistol, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) and the M2 .50 caliber machine gun, which he designed in 1933.